Substantive Editing

Substantive editing focuses on a piece's overall structure, content, and flow. It's usually done after writing, and the editor may change the title, language, style, and organization. Checking for plagiarism and libel, as well as quotations, is a necessary service to the publishing process.

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Line Editing

Also known as copyediting which focuses on the readability, coherence, and impact of the writing. It's usually done after substantive editing, and the editor will scrutinize each sentence and paragraph to ensure they flow logically. It includes refining sentence structure, improving word choice, and ensuring consistency in the tone and style.

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Ghost Writing

Officially, the ghostwriter will write works for another person as the author. They must keep their work confidential, often through a nondisclosure agreement (NDA), and may sometimes be credited as a co-writer or researcher, often at the end of the book.